Los monosacáridos o azúcares simples son los glúcidos más sencillos, no se hidrolizan, es decir, no se descomponen en otros compuestos más simples. Poseen de tres a siete átomos de carbono y su fórmula empírica es (CH2O)n, donde n ≥ 3. Se nombran haciendo referencia al número de carbonos (3-7), y terminan con el sufijo -osa. El principal monosacárido es la glucosa, la principal fuente de energía de las células.

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Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolised to simpler compounds. The general formula is CnH2nOn. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (so, all of the carbons except for the primary and terminal carbon) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms, all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different physical structures and chemical properties.

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