La Guerra de Invierno (en finés: talvisota; en ruso: Зимняя война; en sueco: vinterkriget) estalló cuando la Unión Soviética atacó Finlandia el 30 de noviembre de 1939, tres meses después del inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Como consecuencia, la URSS fue expulsada de la Sociedad de Naciones el 14 de diciembre. La guerra duró 105 días, hasta marzo de 1940, cuando se firmó un tratado de paz por el que Finlandia cedía cerca del 10 % de su territorio, un 20 % de su capacidad industrial y el 33 % de sus instalaciones productoras de energía hidroeléctrica, entre otras cosas, a la Unión Soviética. Pese a todo, el resultado de la guerra se puede considerar complejo ya que aunque la URSS logró satisfacer sobradamente sus demandas iniciales con la cesión por parte de Finlandia de los territorios de Petsamo, Salla y la mayor parte de Karelia, sus pérdidas para superar las defensas finlandesas fueron tremendas y no cumplieron con su objetivo de conquistar todo el país. Además, su posición internacional sufrió considerablemente y fue puesta en duda la destreza combativa del Ejército Rojo tras las purgas políticas, un hecho que contribuyó fuertemente a la decisión de Hitler de lanzar la Operación Barbarroja.Por otra parte, aunque los finlandeses lograron retener su soberanía y atraerse la buena voluntad internacional, las duras condiciones de paz impuestas por la Unión Soviética provocaron en la población finesa su deseo de revancha y su acercamiento a la Alemania de Hitler, que se plasmaría en la Guerra de Continuación. La Guerra de Invierno fue un desastre militar para la Unión Soviética. No obstante, sirvió para que el Kremlin hiciera autocrítica interna e iniciara el proceso de reinstaurar a oficiales cualificados y modernizar a sus fuerzas, una decisión que a la larga permitiría a los soviéticos resistir la invasión alemana y ganar la II Guerra Mundial.

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The Winter War (Finnish: Talvisota, Swedish: Vinterkriget, Russian: Зи́мняя война́, tr. Zimnyaya voyna) was a military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940. It began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939 (three months after the outbreak of World War II), and ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League on 14 December 1939. The Soviet Union ostensibly sought to claim parts of Finnish territory, demanding—amongst other concessions—that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons, primarily the protection of Leningrad, which was only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. (Though the border that was "only 32 km (20 mi)" from Leningrad was the end of a narrow finger of coastline about 15 km (9.3 mi) long by 5 km (3.1 mi) wide; most of the Finnish border was more than 50 km (31 mi) from Leningrad.) Finland refused and the USSR invaded the country. Many sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and use the establishment of the puppet Finnish Communist government and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols as proof of this, while other sources argue against the idea of a full Soviet conquest. The Soviets possessed more than three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many tanks. The Red Army, however, had been crippled by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937. With more than 30,000 of its officers executed or imprisoned, including most of those of the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior and mid-level officers. Because of these factors, and high morale in the Finnish forces, Finland repelled Soviet attacks for several months, much longer than the Soviets expected. However, after reorganization and adoption of different tactics, the renewed Soviet offensive overcame Finnish defenses at the borders. Finland then agreed to cede more territory than originally demanded by the Soviet Union in 1939; the Soviets, having conquered the areas they demanded from Finland but at a cost of heavier losses in troops than anticipated, accepted this offer. Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. Finland ceded territory representing 11% of its land area and 30% of its economy to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. While the Soviet Union did not conquer all Finland, Soviet gains exceeded their pre-war demands. They gained substantial territory along Lake Ladoga, providing a buffer for Leningrad, and territory in northern Finland. Finland retained its sovereignty and enhanced its international reputation. The end of the war cancelled the Franco-British plan to send troops to Finland through northern Scandinavia. Some authors would suggest that the official statement by Sweden, Norway and Denmark of February 1940, declaring they would not allow British troops to use their territories on their way to Finland, was a factor in Finland's decision of starting peace talks with Russia. One of the major goals of the projected Franco-British operation had been to take control of northern Sweden's iron ore and cut its deliveries to Germany. For this reason it was also a major factor in the launching of Operation Weserübung, Nazi Germany's invasion of Denmark and Norway.

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