En economía marxista, la reproducción económica se refiere a los procesos recurrentes (o cíclicos) por los cuales las condiciones iniciales necesarias para que ocurra la actividad económica son constantemente recreadas. Karl Marx desarrolló los planteamientos iniciales de Quesnay hasta un modelo de circulación de capital, dinero y productos en el segundo volumen de El Capital. Marx distingue entre reproducción simple y ampliada (o expandida). En el primer caso, no existe crecimiento económico, mientras que en último caso, hay más producción de la que se necesita para mantener a la economía en un nivel dado, haciendo posible el crecimiento económico. La diferencia radica en que en el primer caso, la plusvalía creada por el trabajo asalariado es gastada por la persona empleadora en consumo, mientras que en el último caso, parte de ella es reinvertida en la producción. Ernest Mandel se refiere adicionalmente a una reproducción contraída, en relación a una producción decreciente, en casos donde las operaciones de negocios se dan en cifras de pérdidas económicas (p.ej. en guerras, depresiones, o desastres - véase Joseph Tainter et al.. El Colapso de las Sociedades Complejas).

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In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes. Aglietta views economic reproduction as the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created. Marx viewed reproduction as the means by which society re-created itself, both materially and socially. The recreation of the conditions necessary for economic activity to take place was a key part of that. A capitalist would need to reproduce a certain social hierarchy of workers who owned nothing but their labor power and of others who controlled the capital necessary to make production start. Thus, the process of reproduction would need to recreate workers as workers, and capitalists as capitalists. Economic reproduction involves the physical production and distribution of goods and services, the trade (the circulation via exchanges and transactions) of goods and services, and the consumption of goods and services (both productive or intermediate consumption and final consumption). Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital, money, and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital to show how the reproduction process that must occur in any type of society can take place in capitalist society by means of the circulation of capital. Marx distinguishes between "simple reproduction" and "expanded (or enlarged) reproduction". In the former case, no economic growth occurs, while in the latter case, more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level, making economic growth possible. In the capitalist mode of production, the difference is that in the former case, the new surplus value created by wage-labour is spent by the employer on consumption (or hoarded), whereas in the latter case, part of it is reinvested in production. Ernest Mandel additionally refers in his two-volume Marxist Economic Theory to contracted reproduction, meaning production on a smaller and smaller scale, in which case business operating at a loss outnumbers growing business (e.g., in wars, depressions, or disasters). Reproduction in this case continues to occur, but investment, employment, and output fall absolutely, so that the national income falls. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, about one-quarter of the workers became unemployed; as a result of the 2008–9 slump, the unemployed labour force increased by about 30 million workers (a number approximately equal to the total workforce of France, or Britain).

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