Un concilio ecuménico es una asamblea celebrada por la Iglesia católica con carácter general a la que son convocados todos los obispos para reconocer la verdad en materia de doctrina o de práctica y proclamarla. El término concilio proviene del latín concilium, que significa "asamblea". Ecuménico, proviene del latín oecumenicum, traducción a su vez del griego οἰκουμένoν, que significa (mundo) habitado. La reunión de apóstoles y presbíteros celebrada en Jerusalén, hacia el año 50, no se cuenta como concilio ecuménico. Los concilios ecuménicos se numeran del I al XXI, y se dividen en dos grupos: griegos y latinos, según hayan tenido lugar en Oriente u Occidente. Los concilios griegos fueron convocados por los emperadores de la época que, generalmente, los presidieron. Los concilios latinos fueron convocados por los papas. Los concilios de la Iglesia católica son convocados por el Papa y presididos por él o por un delegado suyo, y en ellos habrá de estar representada una mayoría de los obispos de las provincias eclesiásticas. Para la validez de sus acuerdos es preciso, como condición sine qua non, la sanción del mismo papa.

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An ecumenical council (or oecumenical council; also general council) is a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice in which those entitled to vote are convoked from the whole world (oikoumene) and which secures the approbation of the whole Church. The word "ecumenical" derives from the Greek language (ἡ) οἰκουμένη (γῆ), which literally means "the inhabited world", but which was also applied more narrowly to mean the Roman Empire. Bishops belonging to what became known as the Church of the East participated in none of the councils later than the second, and further noteworthy schisms led to non-participation by other members of what had previously been considered a single Christian Church. Later ecumenical councils thus included bishops of only parts of the Church as previously constituted and were rejected or ignored by Christians not belonging to those parts. The first seven Ecumenical Councils, recognised by both the eastern and western branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, were convoked by Christian Roman Emperors, who also enforced the decisions of those councils within the state church of the Roman Empire. Acceptance of councils as ecumenical and authoritative varies between different Christian denominations. Disputes over christological and other questions have led certain branches to reject some councils that others accept.

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