La inmunología es una rama amplia de biología y de las ciencias biomédicas que se ocupa del estudio del sistema inmunitario, entendiendo como tal al conjunto de órganos, tejidos y células que, en los vertebrados, tienen como función reconocer elementos ajenos dando una respuesta (respuesta inmunitaria). La ciencia trata, entre otras cosas, el funcionamiento fisiológico del sistema inmunitario tanto en estados de salud como de enfermedad; las alteraciones en las funciones del sistema inmunitario (enfermedades autoinmunitarias, hipersensibilidades, inmunodeficiencias, rechazo a los trasplantes); las características físicas, químicas y fisiológicas de los componentes del sistema inmunitario in vitro, in situ, e in vivo. La inmunología tiene varias aplicaciones en numerosas disciplinas científicas, que serán analizadas más adelante.

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Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology. Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive. Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

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