Hipotermia (del griego hypo que significa debajo y therme que significa calor) es el descenso involuntario de la temperatura corporal por debajo de 36 °C (95 °F) medida con termómetro en el recto o el esófago. Si la temperatura es muy baja, la temperatura corporal desciende bruscamente: una caída de sólo 2 °C (3,6 °F) puede entorpecer el habla y el afectado comienza a amodorrarse. Si la temperatura desciende aún más, el afectado puede perder la consciencia e incluso morir. Se considera hipotermia leve cuando la temperatura corporal se sitúa entre 33 °C y 35 °C (91,4 °F y 95 °F), y va acompañada de temblores, confusión mental, torpeza de movimientos y cuerpo tembloroso Entre 30 °C y 33 °C (86 °F y 91,4 °F) se considera hipotermia moderada y a los síntomas anteriores se suman desorientación, estado de semiinconsciencia y pérdida de memoria. Por debajo de los 30 °C (86 °F) se trata de una hipotermia grave, y comporta pérdida de la consciencia, dilatación de pupilas, bajada de la tensión y latidos cardíacos muy débiles y casi indetectables. En algunas intervenciones quirúrgicas, los cirujanos provocan una hipotermia artificial en el paciente, para que la actividad de los órganos sea más lenta y la demanda de oxígeno sea menor. Es un síndrome grave con alta mortalidad, una urgencia médica que requiere tratamiento, generalmente en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

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Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe hypothermia there may be , in which a person removes his or her clothing, as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping. Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to extreme cold. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. Commonly this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia, and advanced age, among others. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F) through thermoregulation. Efforts to increase body temperature involve shivering, increased voluntary activity, and putting on warmer clothing. Hypothermia may be diagnosed based on either a person's symptoms in the presence of risk factors or by measuring a person's core temperature. The treatment of mild hypothermia involves warm drinks, warm clothing and physical activity. In those with moderate hypothermia heating blankets and warmed intravenous fluids are recommended. People with moderate or severe hypothermia should be moved gently. In severe hypothermia extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass may be useful. In those without a pulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is indicated along with the above measures. Rewarming is typically continued until a person's temperature is greater than 32 °C (90 °F). If there is no improvement at this point or the blood potassium level is greater than 12 mmol/liter at any time resuscitation may be discontinued. Hypothermia is the cause of at least 1500 deaths a year in the United States. It is more common in older people and males. One of the lowest documented body temperatures from which someone with accidental hypothermia has survived is 13.0 °C (55.4 °F) in a near-drowning of a 7-year-old girl in Sweden. Survival after more than six hours of CPR has been described. In those in whom ECMO or bypass is used survival is around 50%. Deaths due to hypothermia have played an important role in many wars. Hyperthermia is the opposite of hypothermia, being an increased body temperature due to failed thermoregulation. The term is from Greek ὑπο meaning under and θερμία meaning heat.

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