El IVA (impuesto al valor agregado o impuesto sobre el valor añadido) es una carga fiscal sobre el consumo, es decir, financiado por el consumidor, aplicado en muchos países y generalizado en la Unión Europea. El IVA es un impuesto indirecto: no es percibido por el fisco directamente del tributario, sino por el vendedor en el momento de toda transacción comercial (transferencia de bienes o prestación de servicios). Los vendedores intermediarios tienen el derecho a reembolsarse el IVA que han pagado a otros vendedores que los precedieron en la cadena de comercialización (crédito fiscal), deduciéndolo del monto de IVA cobrado a sus clientes (débito fiscal), y debiendo abonar el saldo al fisco. Los consumidores finales tienen la obligación de pagar el IVA sin derecho a reembolso, lo que es controlado por el fisco, obligando a la empresa a entregar justificantes de venta al consumidor final e integrar copias de estas a la contabilidad en la empresa.

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A value-added tax (VAT), known in some countries as a goods and services tax (GST), is a type of general consumption tax that is collected incrementally, based on the value added, at each stage of production and is usually implemented as a destination-based tax, where the tax rate is based on the location of the customer. VATs raise about a fifth of total tax revenues both worldwide and among the members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). As of 2014, 160 of the world's approximately 193 countries employ a VAT, including all OECD members except the United States. There are two main methods of calculating VAT: the credit-invoice or invoice-based method and the subtraction or accounts-based method. Using the credit-invoice method, sales transactions are taxed, with the customer informed of the VAT on the transaction, and businesses may receive a credit for VAT paid on input materials and services. The credit-invoice method is the most widely employed method, used by all national VATs except for Japan. Using the subtraction method, at the end of a reporting period, a business calculates the value of all taxable sales then subtracts the sum of all taxable purchases and the VAT rate is applied to the difference. The subtraction method VAT is currently only used by Japan, although subtraction method VATs, often using the name "flat tax", have been part of many recent tax reform proposals by US politicians. With both methods, there are exceptions in the calculation method for certain goods and transactions, created for either pragmatic collection reasons or to counter tax fraud and avoidance.

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