Se denomina beligerancia a la participación contendora dentro de un conflicto determinado, o a dar la suficiente importancia a alguien como para acceder o reconocer contender con él. Generalmente es un concepto usado en el Derecho internacional público para designar a la nación o sujeto político que está en guerra, o en política a los participantes más visibles en algún conflicto social.

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A belligerent (lat. bellum gerere, "to wage war") is an individual, group, country, or other entity that acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. Belligerent comes from Latin, literally meaning "one who wages war." Unlike the use of belligerent as an adjective to mean aggressive, its use as a noun does not necessarily imply that a belligerent country is an aggressor. In times of war, belligerent countries can be contrasted with neutral countries and non-belligerents. However, the application of the laws of war to neutral countries and the responsibilities of belligerents are not affected by any distinction between neutral countries, neutral powers or non-belligerents. A non-belligerent may nevertheless risk being considered a belligerent if it aids or supports a belligerent in a way that is proscribed by neutral countries. An interesting use of the term arose during the American Civil War, when the Confederate States of America, though not recognized as a sovereign state, was recognized as a belligerent power and so Confederate warships were given the same rights as US warships in foreign ports.

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