En física de partículas, un mesón (del griego antiguo μέσος, mésos, literalmente: que está en medio) es un bosón que responde a la interacción nuclear fuerte, esto es, un hadrón con un espín entero. En el Modelo estándar, los mesones son partículas compuestas en un estado quark-antiquark. Se cree que todos los mesones conocidos consisten en un par quark-antiquark (los así llamados quarks de valencia) más un "mar" de pares quark-antiquark y gluones virtuales. Está en progreso la búsqueda de mesones exóticos que tienen constituyentes diferentes. Los quarks de valencia pueden existir en una superposición de estados de sabor; por ejemplo, el pion neutro no es ni un par arriba-antiarriba ni un par abajo-antiabajo, sino una superposición cuántica igual de ambos. Los mesones pseudoescalares (con espín 0) tienen la menor energía en reposo, donde el quark y antiquark tienen espines opuestos, y luego el mesón vectorial (vector meson) (con espín 1), donde el quark y antiquark tienen espines paralelos. Ambos presentan versiones de mayor energía donde el espín está incrementado por el momento angular orbital. Todos los mesones son inestables. Originalmente, se predijo que los mesones eran los portadores de la fuerza que une al protón y al neutrón, de ahí su nombre. Cuando fue descubierto, el muon se asignó a esta familia de masa similar y fue bautizado como "mesón mu", sin embargo no mostró interacción fuerte con la materia nuclear: es en realidad un leptón. El pion fue el primer mesón auténtico en ser descubierto. En 1949 Hideki Yukawa fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de física por predecir la existencia del mesón. Originalmente lo llamó 'mesontrón', pero fue corregido por Werner Heisenberg (su padre fue profesor en griego de la Universidad de Múnich), quien indicó que no había un 'tr' en la palabra griega 'mesos'.

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In particle physics, mesons (/ˈmiːzɒnz/ or /ˈmɛzɒnz/) are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark sub-particles, they have a physical size, with a diameter of roughly one fermi, which is about  2⁄3 the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond. Charged mesons decay (sometimes through mediating particles) to form electrons and neutrinos. Uncharged mesons may decay to photons. Both of these decays imply that color is no longer a property of the byproducts. Mesons are not produced by radioactive decay, but appear in nature only as short-lived products of very high-energy interactions in matter, between particles made of quarks, such as the collision of cosmic rays made of nuclei (ordinary protons and neutrons). Mesons are also frequently produced artificially in high-energy particle accelerators in the collisions of protons, anti-protons, or other particles. In nature, the importance of mesons is that they are the associated quantum-field particles that transmit the nuclear force between hadrons that pull those together into a nucleus. Their effect is analogous to photons that are the force carriers that transmit the electromagnetic force of attraction between oppositely charged protons and electrons that allow individual atoms to exist, and further, to pull atoms together into molecules. Higher energy (more massive) mesons were created momentarily in the Big Bang, but are not thought to play a role in nature today. However, such heavy mesons are regularly created in particle accelerator experiments, in order to understand the nature of the heavier types of quark that compose the heavier mesons. Mesons are part of the hadron particle family, and are defined simply as particles composed of two quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons: subatomic particles composed of three quarks rather than two. Some experiments show evidence of exotic mesons, which do not have the conventional valence quark content of one quark and one antiquark. Because quarks have a spin of  1⁄2, the difference in quark-number between mesons and baryons results in conventional two-quark mesons being bosons, whereas baryons are fermions. Each type of meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive pion (π+) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (π−), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Because mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. Mesons are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity and various other properties, such as C-parity and G-parity. Although no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the more massive, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. Mesons are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and thus exhibit certain higher energy phenomena more readily than do baryons composed of the same quarks. For example, the charm quark was first seen in the J/Psi meson (J/ψ) in 1974, and the bottom quark in the upsilon meson (ϒ) in 1977.

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