La reproducción sexual, presente desde su ancestro común en todos los eucariotas (en algunos perdida secundariamente) se caracteriza por una alternancia de fases nucleares, es decir, a partir de la meiosis se pasa a una fase haploide y por fusión de los gametos se pasa a la fase diploide. En una alternancia de fases gamética, el organismo es diplonte, ya que sólo la generación diplonte se divide por mitosis hasta volverse multicelular, y la meiosis se produce justo antes de formarse los gametos. El "individuo adulto" es diplonte. Son diplontes, como por ejemplo, la mayoría de los animales. En una alternancia de fases cigótica, tras la formación del cigoto se produce la meiosis sin pasar por una etapa multicelular, y es la fase haplonte la que se divide por mitosis hasta volverse multicelular, con lo cual el organismo es haplonte. El "individuo adulto" es haplonte. En los haplodiplontes hay una fase haploide multicelular y una fase diploide multicelular. Por eso hay dos generaciones alternadas de individuos, una diplonte y una haplonte (hay alternancia de generaciones). El cigoto diploide se divide por mitosis para formar la generación diploide multicelular. En el individuo adulto diploide se produce la meiosis para producir esporas a partir de las cuales se forma el individuo adulto haploide por mitosis. Esta fase da lugar a los gametos que se fusionarán en un nuevo cigoto, reiniciando el ciclo. Este ciclo de vida se da en plantas, al individuo haplonte multicelular se lo llama gametófito y al individuo diplonte multicelular se lo llama esporófito. A veces tanto el haplonte adulto como el diplonte adulto son similares entre sí, y sólo se los diferencia en el análisis genético y al aparecer sus estructuras reproductivas (como en la lechuga de mar o Ulva), entonces se dice que el ciclo de vida es haplodiplonte con alternancia "homofásica" de generaciones, o generaciones isomorfas. A veces el haplonte adulto y el diplonte adulto son muy diferentes entre sí, como pasa en las plantas terrestres, entonces se dice que el ciclo de vida es haplodiplonte con alternancia "heterofásica" de generaciones, o generaciones heteromorfas. Cuando tanto el gametófito como el esporófito son observables a simple vista, como pasa en los musgos y en los helechos, se dice que la alternancia de generaciones es bien manifiesta. En las plantas con semilla, sólo la fase diplonte multicelular (esporófito) es observable a simple vista, el gametófito femenino (que da la gameta femenina) está encerrado dentro del óvulo (que luego se convierte en semilla), el gametófito masculino (que da la gameta masculina) está encerrado dentro del grano de polen.

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Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis) is a term primarily used to describe the life cycle of plants (taken here to mean the Archaeplastida). A multicellular gametophyte, which is haploid with n chromosomes, alternates with a multicellular sporophyte, which is diploid with 2n chromosomes, made up of n pairs. A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from 2n to n. Because meiosis is a key step in the alternation of generations, it is likely that meiosis has a fundamental adaptive function. The nature of this function is still unresolved (see Meiosis), but the two main ideas are that meiosis is adaptive because it facilitates repair of DNA damage and/or that it generates genetic variation. The haploid spores germinate and grow into a haploid gametophyte. At maturity, the gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, which does not alter the number of chromosomes. Two gametes (originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism) fuse to produce a zygote, which develops into a diploid sporophyte. This cycle, from gametophyte to gametophyte (or equally from sporophyte to sporophyte), is the way in which all land plants and many algae undergo sexual reproduction. The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte varies among different groups of plants. In those algae which have alternation of generations, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms, which may or may not have a similar appearance. In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it. Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise, they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water, mineral nutrients and nitrogen. By contrast, in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte, although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity. In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition. In flowering plants, the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte. All animals develop differently. A mature animal is diploid and so is, in one sense, equivalent to a sporophyte. However, an animal directly produces haploid gametes by meiosis. No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced, so neither is a haploid gametophyte. There is no alternation between diploid and haploid forms. Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic (the equivalent terms haplodiplontic, diplobiontic or dibiontic are also in use). Life cycles, such as those of animals, in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic. (Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic.)

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