La trigonometría es una rama de la matemática, cuyo significado etimológico es 'la medición de los triángulos'. Deriva de los términos griegos τριγωνοϛ trigōnos 'triángulo' y μετρον metron 'medida'. En términos generales, la trigonometría es el estudio de las razones trigonométricas: seno, coseno; tangente, cotangente; secante y cosecante. Interviene directa o indirectamente en las demás ramas de la matemática y se aplica en todos aquellos ámbitos donde se requieren medidas de precisión. La trigonometría se aplica a otras ramas de la geometría, como es el caso del estudio de las esferas en la geometría del espacio. Posee numerosas aplicaciones, entre las que se encuentran: las técnicas de triangulación, por ejemplo, son usadas en astronomía para medir distancias a estrellas próximas, en la medición de distancias entre puntos geográficos, y en sistemas global de navegación por satélites.

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Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving lengths and angles of triangles. The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications of geometry to astronomical studies. The 3rd-century astronomers first noted that the lengths of the sides of a right-angle triangle and the angles between those sides have fixed relationships: that is, if at least the length of one side and the value of one angle is known, then all other angles and lengths can be determined algorithmically. These calculations soon came to be defined as the trigonometric functions and today are pervasive in both pure and applied mathematics: fundamental methods of analysis such as the Fourier transform, for example, or the wave equation, use trigonometric functions to understand cyclical phenomena across many applications in fields as diverse as physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, music and acoustics, astronomy, ecology, and biology. Trigonometry is also the foundation of surveying. Trigonometry is most simply associated with planar right-angle triangles (each of which is a two-dimensional triangle with one angle equal to 90 degrees). The applicability to non-right-angle triangles exists, but, since any non-right-angle triangle (on a flat plane) can be bisected to create two right-angle triangles, most problems can be reduced to calculations on right-angle triangles. Thus the majority of applications relate to right-angle triangles. One exception to this is spherical trigonometry, the study of triangles on spheres, surfaces of constant positive curvature, in elliptic geometry (a fundamental part of astronomy and navigation). Trigonometry on surfaces of negative curvature is part of hyperbolic geometry. Trigonometry basics are often taught in schools, either as a separate course or as a part of a precalculus course.

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