República de Rodesia fue el nombre adoptado por la colonia africana de Rodesia del Sur al independizarse del Reino Unido en 1965 e instituirse un régimen racista igual al Apartheid por la minoría blanca. En 1980, luego de una agitada y violenta vida política se convirtió en Zimbabue. Rodesia del Sur, en la que el 5% de población de raza blanca (en 1965) vio finalmente la disolución de la federación de Rodesia como una forma de preservar su poder, se convirtió simplemente en Rodesia, en respuesta a la desaparición de Rodesia del Norte. Los colonos blancos, dirigidos desde 1964 por un primer ministro derechista y racista, Ian Smith, del Frente Rhodesiano, escaldados por el ejemplo considerado desastroso de la independencia del Congo belga, y por el éxodo de sus homólogos kenianos, e inquietos por la llegada al poder de los laboristas en Londres en 1964 que le pudiera otorgar derechos a la población negra de la colonia, declaran unilateralmente la independencia de Rodesia en 1965 e instauran un régimen racista copiado de la Unión Sudafricana.

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Rhodesia (/roʊˈdiːʒə/), commonly known from 1970 onwards as the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territorial terms to modern Zimbabwe. With its capital in Salisbury (now Harare), Rhodesia was considered a de facto successor state to the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia (which had achieved responsible government in 1923). During an effort to delay an immediate transition to black majority rule, Rhodesia's predominantly white government issued its own Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The UDI administration initially sought recognition as an autonomous realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, but reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970. Following a brutal guerrilla war fought with two African nationalist organisations (Robert Mugabe's ZANU and Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU), Rhodesian premier Ian Smith conceded to bi-racial democracy in 1978. However, a provisional government subsequently headed by Smith and his moderate colleague Abel Muzorewa failed in appeasing international critics or halting the bloodshed. By December 1979, Muzorewa had replaced Smith as Prime Minister and secured an agreement with the militant nationalists, allowing Rhodesia to briefly revert to colonial status pending elections under a universal franchise. It finally achieved internationally recognised independence in April 1980; the nation was concurrently renamed the Republic of Zimbabwe. A wholly landlocked area, Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south, Bechuanaland (later Botswana) to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique (a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east. The state was named after Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the late 19th century.

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