Mir (en ruso, Мир, significa paz o mundo) fue el nombre de la famosa estación espacial originalmente soviética, que después de la disolución de la URSS pasó a ser rusa. La primera estación espacial de investigación habitada de forma permanente de la historia, y la culminación del programa espacial soviético. Estaba prevista para que estuviera funcionando durante tan sólo 5 años; lo hizo durante 13 años. A través de numerosas colaboraciones internacionales, fue accesible a cosmonautas y astronautas. La Mir fue ensamblada en órbita al conectar de forma sucesiva distintos módulos, cada uno lanzado de forma separada desde el 19 de febrero de 1986 hasta el año 1996. Estaba situada en una órbita entre los 300 y 400 kilómetros de la superficie terrestre, orbitando completamente la Tierra en menos de dos horas. Sirvió como laboratorio de pruebas para numerosos experimentos científicos y observaciones astronómicas, estableciendo récords de permanencia de seres humanos en el espacio. Tras un incendio en febrero de 1997, la estación empezó a quedarse vieja y obsoleta, con la consecuente cadena de fallos que prosiguió hasta su desorbitación y desintegración en la atmósfera. Fue destruida de forma controlada el 23 de marzo de 2001, precipitándose sobre el Océano Pacífico.

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Mir (Russian: Мир, IPA: [ˈmʲir]; lit. peace) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, run by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station after Mir's orbit decayed. The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space. Mir was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days, until it was surpassed by the ISS on 23 October 2010. It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, with Valeri Polyakov spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995. Mir was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, or larger crews for short visits. Following the success of the Salyut programme, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the core module or base block, was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules. Proton rockets were used to launch all of its components except for the docking module, which was installed by space shuttle mission STS-74 in 1995. When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several photovoltaic arrays attached directly to the modules. The station was maintained at an orbit between 296 km (184 mi) and 421 km (262 mi) altitude and traveled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 orbits per day. The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's manned spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA). As a result, most of the station' occupants were Soviet; however, through international collaborations such as the Intercosmos, Euromir and Shuttle-Mir programmes, the station was made accessible to space travelers from several Asian, European and North American nations. Mir was deorbited in March 2001 after funding was cut off. The cost of the Mir programme was estimated by former RKA General Director Yuri Koptev in 2001 as $4.2 billion over its lifetime (including development, assembly and orbital operation).

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