Se denomina mitraísmo o misterios de Mitra (en persa: مهرپرستی ) a una religión mistérica muy difundida en el Imperio romano entre los siglos I y IV d. C. en que se rendía culto a una divinidad llamada Mitra y que tuvo especial implantación entre los soldados romanos. Existen testimonios materiales de la práctica de esta religión en numerosos lugares del antiguo Imperio romano: en Roma y en Ostia, así como en Mauritania, Britania y las provincias fronterizas a lo largo del río Rin y del Danubio, consistentes en restos de templos, inscripciones y obras de arte que representan al dios u otros aspectos de la religión. Frente a esta relativa abundancia de restos arqueológicos, son muy escasas las referencias en textos clásicos a esta religión. Los orígenes de esta religión no se conocen de forma precisa, aunque los estudiosos coinciden en afirmar que llegó al mundo romano desde Oriente, concretamente desde Asia Menor.La práctica del mitraísmo, como la de todas las religiones paganas, fue declarada ilegal en el año 391 por el emperador Teodosio.

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Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries, was a mystery religion centred around the god Mithras that was practised in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to the 4th century. The religion was inspired by Persian worship of the god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), though the Greek Mithras was linked to a new and distinctive imagery, and the level of continuity between Persian and Greco-Roman practice is debated. The mysteries were popular in the Roman military. Worshippers of Mithras had a complex system of seven grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Initiates called themselves syndexioi, those "united by the handshake". They met in underground temples (called mithraea), which survive in large numbers. The cult appears to have had its centre in Rome. Numerous archaeological finds, including meeting places, monuments and artifacts, have contributed to modern knowledge about Mithraism throughout the Roman Empire. The iconic scenes of Mithras show him being born from a rock, slaughtering a bull, and sharing a banquet with the god Sol (the Sun). About 420 sites have yielded materials related to the cult. Among the items found are about 1000 inscriptions, 700 examples of the bull-killing scene (tauroctony), and about 400 other monuments. It has been estimated that there would have been at least 680 mithraea in Rome. No written narratives or theology from the religion survive, with limited information to be derived from the inscriptions, and only brief or passing references in Greek and Latin literature. Interpretation of the physical evidence remains problematic and contested. The Romans regarded the mysteries as having Persian or Zoroastrian sources. Since the early 1970s the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between Persian Mithra-worship and the Roman Mithraic mysteries. In this context, Mithraism has sometimes been viewed as a rival of early Christianity with similarities such asliberator-saviour, hierarchy of adepts (bishops, deacons, presbyters), communal meal and a hard struggle of Good and Evil (bull-killing/crucifixion).

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