Babilonia (akkado-babilonio Bābili o Babilim) fue un antiguo imperio localizado en la región central-sur de Mesopotamia, teniendo su epicentro en la ciudad de Babilonia y que llegó a extenderse por Acad y Sumeria, arrebatando la hegemonía a las dinastías amorritas de Isín y Larsa del llamado Renacimiento sumerio. Su historia se divide en dos etapas principales, separadas entre sí por el período de dominación asiria; el imperio paleobabilónico o amorrita (1792 a. C.–1595 a. C.) y el imperio neobabilónico o caldeo (626 a. C.–539 a. C.). El imperio babilónico fue sucedido por el persa tras las conquistas de Ciro II el Grande. En Babilonia se hablaba el acadio (lengua semítica) y mantuvo el lenguaje escrito acadio para uso oficial (el idioma de su población nativa), a pesar de sus fundadores, los amorreos y sus sucesores los casitas, que no tenían el acadio como idioma nativo. Sin embargo, conservó la lengua sumeria para un uso religioso, a pesar de que en el momento en que fue fundada Babilonia, probablemente ya no era una lengua hablada. Las antiguas tradiciones acadias y sumerias jugaron un papel importante en la cultura babilonia (y asiria), y la región seguirá siendo un importante centro cultural, incluso en períodos prolongados y largos de gobiernos externos.

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Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called Māt Akkadī "the country of Akkad" in the Akkadian language. It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792 – 1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire; however, the Babylonian empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi. The Babylonian state, like Assyria to the north, retained the written Akkadian language for official use (the language of its native populace), despite its Northwest Semitic-speaking Amorite founders and Kassite successors, who spoke a language isolate. It retained the Sumerian language for religious use (as did Assyria), but by the time Babylon was founded, this was no longer a spoken language, having been wholly subsumed by Akkadian. The earlier Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in Babylonian and Assyrian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under protracted periods of outside rule. The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a clay tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC), dating back to the 23rd century BC. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city; like the rest of Mesopotamia, it was subject to the Akkadian Empire which united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. After the collapse of the Akkadian empire, the south Mesopotamian region was dominated by the Gutian people for a few decades before the rise of the Third Dynasty of Ur, which, apart from northern Assyria, encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including the city of Babylon.

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