Las solanáceas (Solanaceae Juss.) son una familia de plantas herbáceas o leñosas con las hojas alternas, simples y sin estípulas pertenecientes al orden Solanales, de las dicotiledóneas. Comprende aproximadamente 98 géneros y unas 2700 especies, con una gran diversidad de hábito, morfología y ecología. La familia es cosmopolita, distribuyéndose por todo el globo con la excepción de la Antártida. La mayor diversidad de especies se halla en América del Sur y América Central. En esta familia se incluyen especies alimenticias tan importantes como la papa o patata (Solanum tuberosum), el tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), la berenjena (Solanum melongena) y los ajíes o pimientos (Capsicum). Muchas plantas ornamentales muy populares pertenecen a las solanáceas, como Petunia, Schizanthus, Salpiglossis y Datura. Ciertas especies son mundialmente conocidas por sus usos medicinales, sus efectos psicotrópicos o por ser ponzoñosas. Finalmente, pero no por ello menos importante, las solanáceas incluyen muchos organismos modelos para investigar cuestiones biológicas fundamentales a nivel celular, molecular y genético, tales como el tabaco y la petunia.

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The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. The family ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of important agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many cultures eat nightshades, in some cases as staple foods. The family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. The name Solanaceae derives from the genus Solanum, "the nightshade plant". The etymology of the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a perceived resemblance of certain solanaceous flowers to the sun and its rays. At least one species of Solanum is known as the "sunberry". Alternatively, the name could originate from the Latin verb solari, meaning "to soothe", presumably referring to the soothing pharmacological properties of some of the psychoactive species of the family. The family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents except Antarctica. The greatest diversity in species is found in South America and Central America. The Solanaceae include a number of commonly collected or cultivated species. The most economically important genus of the family is Solanum, which contains the potato (S. tuberosum, in fact, another common name of the family is the "potato family"), the tomato (S. lycopersicum), and the eggplant or aubergine (S. melongena). Another important genus, Capsicum, produces both chili peppers and bell peppers. The genus Physalis produces the so-called groundcherries, as well as the tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica), the Cape gooseberry and the Chinese lantern. The genus Lycium contains the boxthorns and the wolfberry Lycium barbarum. Nicotiana contains, among other species, tobacco. Some other important members of Solanaceae include a number of ornamental plants such as Petunia, Browallia, and Lycianthes, the source of psychoactive alkaloids, Datura, Mandragora (mandrake), and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Certain species are widely known for their medicinal uses, their psychotropic effects, or for being poisonous. Most of the economically important genera are contained in the subfamily Solanoideae, with the exceptions of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotianoideae) and petunia (Petunia × hybrida, Petunioideae), Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of fundamental biological questions at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels.

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