Las proteínas (del francés: protéine, y este del griego' πρωτεῖος, proteios, ‘prominente’, ‘de primera calidad’) o prótidos son biomoléculas formadas por cadenas lineales de aminoácidos. Por sus propiedades físico-químicas, las proteínas se pueden clasificar en proteínas simples (holoproteidos), formadas solo por aminoácidos o sus derivados; proteínas conjugadas (heteroproteidos), formadas por aminoácidos acompañados de sustancias diversas, y proteínas derivadas, sustancias formadas por desnaturalización y desdoblamiento de las anteriores. Las proteínas son necesarias para la vida, sobre todo por su función plástica (constituyen el 80 % del protoplasma deshidratado de toda célula), pero también por sus funciones biorreguladoras (forman parte de las enzimas) y de defensa (los anticuerpos son proteínas). Las proteínas desempeñan un papel fundamental para la vida y son las biomoléculas más versátiles y diversas. Son imprescindibles para el crecimiento del organismo y realizan una enorme cantidad de funciones diferentes, entre las que destacan: \n* Contráctil (actina y miosina) \n* Enzimática (Ej.: sacarasa y pepsina) \n* Estructural. Esta es la función más importante de una proteína (Ej.: colágeno) \n* Homeostática: colaboran en el mantenimiento del pH (ya que actúan como un tampón químico) \n* Inmunológica (anticuerpos) \n* Producción de costras (Ej.: fibrina) \n* Protectora o defensiva (Ej.: trombina y fibrinógeno) \n* Transducción de señales (Ej.: rodopsina). Las proteínas están formadas por aminoácidos.Las proteínas de todos los seres vivos están determinadas mayoritariamente por su genética (con excepción de algunos péptidos antimicrobianos de síntesis no ribosomal), es decir, la información genética determina en gran medida qué proteínas tiene una célula, un tejido y un organismo. Las proteínas se sintetizan dependiendo de cómo se encuentren regulados los genes que las codifican. Por lo tanto, son susceptibles a señales o factores externos. El conjunto de las proteínas expresadas en una circunstancia determinada es denominado proteoma.

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Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ᵻnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes. Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. In animals, proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized. Digestion breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism. Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.

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