El coeficiente de Gini es una medida de la desigualdad ideada por el estadístico italiano Corrado Gini. Normalmente se utiliza para medir la desigualdad en los ingresos, dentro de un país, pero puede utilizarse para medir cualquier forma de distribución desigual. El coeficiente de Gini es un número entre 0 y 1, en donde 0 se corresponde con la perfecta igualdad (todos tienen los mismos ingresos) y donde el valor 1 se corresponde con la perfecta desigualdad (una persona tiene todos los ingresos y los demás ninguno). El índice de Gini es el coeficiente de Gini expresado en referencia a 100 como máximo, en vez de como 1, y es igual al coeficiente de Gini multiplicado por 100. Una variación de dos céntesimas del coeficiente de Gini (o dos unidades del índice) equivale a una distribución de un 7% de riqueza del sector más pobre de la población (por debajo de la mediana) al más rico (por encima de la mediana). Aunque el coeficiente de Gini se utiliza sobre todo para medir la desigualdad en los ingresos, también puede utilizarse para medir la desigualdad en la riqueza. Este uso requiere que nadie disponga de una riqueza neta negativa.

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The Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) (/dʒini/ jee-nee) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variability and Mutability (Italian: Variabilità e mutabilità). The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of 1 (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (e.g., for a large number of people, where only one person has all the income or consumption, and all others have none, the Gini coefficient will be very nearly one). However, a value greater than one may occur if some persons represent negative contribution to the total (for example, having negative income or wealth). For larger groups, values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice. Given the normalization of both the cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the Gini coefficient, the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution, but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population. The exception to this is in the redistribution of wealth resulting in a minimum income for all people. When the population is sorted, if their income distribution were to approximate a well known function, then some representative values could be calculated. The Gini coefficient was proposed by Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth. For OECD countries, in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 and 0.49, with Slovenia the lowest and Chile the highest. African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's highest, variously estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7, although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation. The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources. There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient. The same value may result from many different distribution curves. The demographic structure should be taken into account. Countries with an aging population, or with a baby boom, experience an increasing pre-tax Gini coefficient even if real income distribution for working adults remains constant. Scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient.

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