Sah o Shah (pronun., /ʃɒː/; del persa medio, شاه šāh, «rey») es el título que reciben desde la antigüedad los monarcas de Irán. El título ha pasado a otras lenguas. En tiempos antiguos, el emperador persa llevaba el título de shāhān shāh (rey de reyes). El femenino es sahbanu (en persa, شهبانو, «reina») y solo ha sido utilizado por tres emperatrices: Purandojt y Azarmidojt, sobre el 630 d. C. y Farah Diba, esposa de Mohammad Reza Pahleví, último sah de Irán, destronado en la Revolución iraní de 1979. Los hijos del sah o de la sahbanu son sahzada (derivado de shahzada, “hijo de sah” o “príncipe”). Shahpur los varones y Shahdojt las mujeres.

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Shah (Šâh or Şah) (/ˈʃɑː/; Persian: شاه‎‎, [ʃɒːh], "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs, the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (termed there as Şeh), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate, as well as in Georgia and Afghanistan. In Iran (Persia and Greater Persia) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the Šâhanšâh (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire. The word descends from Old Persian Xšâyathiya "king", which (for reasons of historical phonology) must be a borrowing from Median, and is derived from the same root as Avestan xšaΘra-, "power" and "command", corresponding to Sanskrit (Old Indic) kṣatra- (same meaning), from which kṣatriya-, "warrior", is derived. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm or Šâhe Šâhân, "King of Kings" or "Emperor". This word is commonly confused with the unrelated and distinct Indian surname Shah, which is derived from the Sanskrit Sadhu/Sahu (meaning gentleman).

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