En música, los anglicismos sampling y sampleado y también el término muestreo musical hacen referencia al acto de tomar una porción o sample (muestra) de un sonido grabado en cualquier tipo de soporte para reutilizarla posteriormente como un instrumento musical o una diferente grabación de sonido. Se elabora, así, una mezcla o sucesión de secuencias de canciones o vídeos que además pueden estar transformados mediante efectos. El sampling se generalizó en la música popular con el nacimiento del hip hop en Nueva York en los años 1970. Generalmente se lleva a cabo mediante un sampler, que es un aparato analógico o bien un software que permite tomar muestras digitales de secuencias sonoras para luego reproducirlas o transformarlas mediante efectos. También se pueden tomar muestras (samples) mediante cinta o vinilo. Un ejemplo es el uso de la introducción de batería tomada de la canción When the Levee Breaks, de Led Zeppelin, en canciones de Beastie Boys, Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mike Oldfield, Rob Dougan, Coldcut, Depeche Mode y Erasure, o los riffs de guitarra tomados del tema Hot Blooded de Foreigner en la canción Funky Cold Medina, de Tone Lōc. Esta forma de utilizar samples es habitual en la música industrial, donde a menudo se utilizan palabras habladas de películas y programas de televisión, así como en la música electrónica (que se desarrolló a partir de la música concreta, basada casi totalmente en el muestreo); el hip hop, desarrollado mediante la repetición por los DJs de los breaks de las canciones, y el R&B contemporáneo. No obstante, el sampling se ha vuelto común también en otros géneros musicales.

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Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, who physically manipulated tape loops or vinyl records on a phonograph. By the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. However, hip hop music was the first popular music genre based on the art of sampling - being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. The use of sampling in popular music spread with the rise of electronic music and disco in the mid-1970s to early 1980s, the development of electronic dance music and industrial music in the 1980s, and the worldwide influence of hip hop since the 1980s on genres ranging from contemporary R&B to indie rock. Sampling is now most often done with a sampler, originally a piece of hardware, but today, more commonly a computer program. However, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. The inclusion of sampling tools in modern digital production methods increasingly introduced sampling into many genres of popular music, as well as genres predating the invention of sampling, such as classical music, jazz and various forms of traditional music. Often "samples" consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, which is then used to construct the beat for another song. For instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. The "Funky Drummer" break and the Amen break, both brief fragments taken from soul and funk music recordings of the late 1960s, have been among the most common samples used in dance music and hip hop of recent decades, with some entire subgenres like breakbeat being based largely on complex permutations of a single one of these samples. Samples from rock recordings have also been the basis of new songs; for example, the drum introduction from Led Zeppelin's "When the Levee Breaks" was sampled by artists such as the Beastie Boys, Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mike Oldfield, Rob Dougan, Coldcut, Depeche Mode and Erasure. Samples can also consist of spoken words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows and advertising. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings. A number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The musicians in the trip hop band Portishead, for example, made some use of existing samples, but also scratched, manipulated and sampled musical parts they themselves had originally played in order to construct their songs. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically. Experimental musicians who pioneered the technique in the 1940s to the 1960s sometimes did not inform or receive permission from the subjects of their field recordings or from copyright owners before constructing a musical piece out of these samples. In the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. As the genre became a recorded form centred on rapping in the 1980s and subsequently went mainstream, it became necessary to pay to obtain legal clearance for samples, which was difficult for all but the most successful DJs, producers and rappers. As a result, a number of recording artists ran into legal trouble for uncredited samples, while the restrictiveness of current US copyright laws and their global impact on creativity also came under increased scrutiny. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been both championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with some critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a wide variety of opinions about the practice, both for and against sampling.

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