Un condensador eléctrico (también conocido frecuentemente con el anglicismo capacitor, proveniente del nombre equivalente en inglés) es un dispositivo pasivo, utilizado en electricidad y electrónica, capaz de almacenar energía sustentando un campo eléctrico. Está formado por un par de superficies conductoras, generalmente en forma de láminas o placas, en situación de influencia total (esto es, que todas las líneas de campo eléctrico que parten de una van a parar a la otra) separadas por un material dieléctrico o por el vacío. Las placas, sometidas a una diferencia de potencial, adquieren una determinada carga eléctrica, positiva en una de ellas y negativa en la otra, siendo nula la variación de carga total. Aunque desde el punto de vista físico un condensador no almacena carga ni corriente eléctrica, sino simplemente energía mecánica latente; al ser introducido en un circuito se comporta en la práctica como un elemento "capaz" de almacenar la energía eléctrica que recibe durante el periodo de carga, la misma energía que cede después durante el periodo de descarga.

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A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to temporarily store electrical energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but most contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates. When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, its capacitance. Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F). The larger the surface area of the "plates" (conductors) and the narrower the gap between them, the greater the capacitance is. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow.

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