El colesterol es un esterol (lípido) que se encuentra en los tejidos corporales y en el plasma sanguíneo de los vertebrados. Pese a que las cifras elevadas de colesterol en la sangre tienen consecuencias perjudiciales para la salud, es una sustancia esencial para crear la membrana plasmática que regula la entrada y salida de sustancias en la célula. Abundan en las grasas de origen animal. François Poulletier de la Salle identificó por primera vez el colesterol en forma sólida en los cálculos de la vesícula biliar en 1769. Sin embargo, fue en 1815 cuando el químico Michel Eugène Chevreul nombró el compuesto «colesterina», del griego χολή, kolé, ‘bilis’ y στερεος, stereos, ‘sólido’.

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Cholesterol, from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid) followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid molecule, and is biosynthesized by all animal cells, because it is an essential structural component of all animal cell membranes; essential to maintain both membrane structural integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol enables animal cells to dispense with a cell wall (to protect membrane integrity and cell viability), thereby allowing animal cells to change shape and animals to move (unlike bacteria and plant cells, which are restricted by their cell walls). In addition to its importance for animal cell structure, cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by all animals. In vertebrates, hepatic cells typically produce the greatest amounts. It is absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), although there are some exceptions, such as Mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth. François Poulletier de la Salle first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1769. However, it was not until 1815 that chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul named the compound "cholesterine".

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