Un koljós o koljoz (en ruso колхоз, Acerca de este sonido pronunciación (?·i)) era una granja colectiva (véase cooperativa agrícola) en la Unión Soviética, que sustituyó al artel. La palabra koljós es una contracción de la expresión rusa коллективное хозяйство (kollektívnoye jozyaistvo), que significa "economía colectiva".

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A kolkhoz (Russian: колхо́з; IPA: [kɐˈlxos] , Ukrainian: колгосп, kolhosp, Russian plural kolkhozy, anglicized plural kolkhozes) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz (plural sovkhozy or sovkhozes). These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming. The 1920s were characterized by spontaneous emergence of collective farms, under influence of traveling propaganda workers. Initially a collective farm resembled an updated version of the traditional Russian "commune", the generic "farming association" (zemledel’cheskaya artel’), the association for joint cultivation of land (TOZ), and finally the kolkhoz. This gradual shift to collective farming in the first 15 years after the October Revolution was turned into a "violent stampede" during the forced collectivization campaign that began in 1928. The word is a contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство (kollektivnoye khozyaystvo), suggesting collective ownership. On the other hand, sovkhoz is a contraction of советское хозяйство (sovetskoye khozyaystvo), suggesting state ownership.

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