En los enfoques propios del funcionalismo lingüístico, se denomina competencia comunicativa a la capacidad de hacer bien el proceso de comunicación, usando los conectores adecuados para entender, elaborar e interpretar los diversos eventos comunicativos, teniendo en cuenta no sólo su significado explícito o literal, lo que se dice, sino también las implicaciones, el sentido implícito o intencional, lo que el emisor quiere decir o lo que el destinatario quiere entender. El término se refiere a las reglas sociales, culturales y psicológicas que determinan el uso particular del lenguaje en un momento dado. La expresión se creó para oponerla a la noción de competencia lingüística, propia de la gramática generativa. Según el enfoque funcional, esta no basta para poder emitir un mensaje de forma adecuada.

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Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately. The term was coined by Dell Hymes in 1966, reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Noam Chomsky's (1965) distinction between competence and performance. To address Chomsky's abstract notion of competence, Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included "communicative form and function in integral relation to each other". The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication. Debate has occurred regarding linguistic competence and communicative competence in the second and foreign language teaching literature, and scholars have found communicative competence as a superior model of language following Hymes' opposition to Chomsky's linguistic competence. This opposition has been adopted by those who seek new directions toward a communicative era by taking for granted the basic motives and the appropriateness of this opposition behind the development of communicative competence.

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