Celtas (del griego, Κέλτoι keltoi) es el término utilizado por lingüistas e historiadores para describir, en un sentido amplio, al pueblo o conjunto de pueblos de la Edad de Hierro que hablaban lenguas celtas, una de las ramas de las lenguas indoeuropeas. En este sentido, el término no es por lo tanto étnico ni arqueológico, pues muchos de los pueblos que hablaron lenguas célticas, caso de los Goidelos de Irlanda, nunca llegaron a participar de las corrientes culturales materiales de Hallstatt o La Tène. Existe sin embargo un concepto más restringido del término, referido en este caso a los llamados celtas históricos, entendidos estos tradicionalmente como el grupo de sociedades tribales de Europa, que compartieron una cultura material iniciada en la primera Edad de Hierro (1200-400 a. C.) en torno a los Alpes (periodo Hallstatt) y más tarde en el hierro tardío (periodo La Tène), y que fueron así llamados por los geógrafos griegos y latinos. En este grupo se adscriben los celtas continentales de la Galia, norte de Italia, Alemania y Bohemia, los celtíberos de Iberia, los gálatas de Anatolia, este y centro de Rumanía y ya con mayores reticencias por los historiadores británicos e irlandeses los celtas insulares. En tiempos antiguos los celtas que llegaron a lo largo del primer milenio, hacia el 1200 a. C. en Europa y según el punto de vista tradicional, hacia el 900 a. C. en la península ibérica, eran un cierto número de pueblos interrelacionados entre ellos que habitaban en Europa Central; todos estos pueblos hablaban lenguas indoeuropeas indicativo de un origen común. Hoy, el término "celta" se utiliza a menudo para describir a la gente, las culturas y lenguas de muchos grupos étnicos de las islas británicas, Francia en la región de Bretaña, España, en Galicia y Asturias, y Portugal en la región de Minho. Sin embargo tribus o naciones, como los atrébates, Menapii, y Parisii, desde regiones celtas de tierra firme, incluyendo la Galia y Bélgica, se sabe que se movieron hacia Gran Bretaña e Irlanda y contribuyendo al crecimiento de aquellas poblaciones. El uso del término celta para referirse a gente de Irlanda y Gran Bretaña surge en el siglo XVIII. Vivían en pueblos amurallados llamados castros. Los griegos, los llamaron primeramente "hiperbóreos"; después fueron llamados keltoi o gente oculta, que proviene del griego Hecateo de Mileto del 517 a. C. No se puede hablar de un Estado propiamente celta, ya que cada zona tenía su líder, y siendo los celtas un pueblo guerrero como eran, siempre había rivalidades entre ellos.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA

The Celts (/ˈkɛlts/, occasionally /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) were people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the ancient Celts is also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts has become a subject of controversy. The history of pre-Celtic Europe remains very uncertain. According to one theory, the common root of the Celtic languages, a language known as Proto-Celtic, arose in the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BC. In addition, according to a theory proposed in the 19th century, the first people to adopt cultural characteristics regarded as Celtic were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture in central Europe (c. 800–450 BC), named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt, Austria. Thus this area is sometimes called the 'Celtic homeland'. By or during the later La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture was supposed to have expanded by diffusion or migration to the British Isles (Insular Celts), France and The Low Countries (Gauls), Bohemia, Poland and much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici, Lusitanians and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC, as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians) in modern-day Turkey. The earliest undisputed direct examples of a Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions, beginning in the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic is attested beginning around the 4th century AD through Ogham inscriptions, although it was clearly being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with Old Irish texts around the 8th century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley), survive in 12th-century recensions. By the mid 1st millennium AD, with the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture and Insular Celtic had become restricted to Ireland, the western and northern parts of Great Britain (Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall), the Isle of Man, and Brittany. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a reasonably cohesive cultural entity. They had a common linguistic, religious, and artistic heritage that distinguished them from the culture of the surrounding polities. By the 6th century, however, the Continental Celtic languages were no longer in wide use. Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the Gaels (Irish, Scottish and Manx) and the Brythonic Celts (Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons) of the medieval and modern periods. A modern "Celtic identity" was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Great Britain, Ireland, and other European territories, such as Portugal and Spanish Galicia. Today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their historical territories, and Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA