Grutesco (del italiano grottesco, y este de grotta -"gruta"-) es un motivo decorativo derivado de la decoración de las "cuevas" descubiertas en la Roma del siglo XV y que posteriormente se han identificado como habitaciones y pasillos de la Domus Aurea (el palacio que Nerón hizo construir tras el gran incendio del año 64). Fueron muy utilizados en el arte del Renacimiento y se divulgaron por toda Europa. Consiste en la combinación de elementos vegetales ("follajes", guirnaldas), vasijas, cornucopias, panoplias, figuras humanas y teriomórficas ("bichas", centauros, sátiros, putti), animales fantásticos y seres mitológicos ("sabandijas", "quimeras"), mascarones, bucráneos, etc., que se relacionan de manera caprichosa y rellenan de forma profusa el espacio (horror vacui) en composiciones simétricas. Su condición de estilo extravagante (se definían sus motivos como ridículos, chabacanos, vulgares o absurdos) extendió el uso del término grotesco como sinónimo de tales adjetivos, incluso de lo irregular, grosero y de mal gusto. También se denomina así lo relativo a las cuevas artificiales. La decoración con rocalla o rocaille (en jardinería e interiores respectivamente) es propia de estilos posteriores (el Rococó del siglo XVIII). Muy anterior es la utilización de monstruos en el arte medieval (gárgolas, canecillos); mientras que la fase final del Renacimiento, el Manierismo, tiene algunos ejemplos destacados de ello (Parque de los monstruos de Bomarzo). Lo grotesco terminó por definir una categoría estética diferenciada de la idea clásica de belleza, en oposición a la categoría de lo sublime.

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Since at least the 18th century (in French and German as well as English), grotesque (or grottoesque) has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, fantastic, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks. In art, performance, and literature, however, grotesque may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes in an audience a feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as sympathetic pity. More specifically, the grotesque forms on Gothic buildings, when not used as drain-spouts, should not be called gargoyles, but rather referred to simply as grotesques, or chimeras. The word was originally a noun (1560s), from Italian grottesco (through Middle French), literally "of a cave", from Italian grotta (see grotto), is an extravagant style of Ancient Roman decorative art rediscovered and then copied in Rome at the end of the 15th century. The word first was used of paintings found on the walls of basements of Roman ruins that were called at that time Le Grotte (The Grottoes) due to their appearance. These "caves" were in fact rooms and corridors of the Domus Aurea, the unfinished palace complex started by Nero after the Great Fire of Rome in CE 64, which had become overgrown and buried, until they were broken into again, mostly from above. Spreading from Italian to the other European languages, the term was long used largely interchangeably with arabesque and moresque for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements. Rémi Astruc has argued that although there is an immense variety of motifs and figures, the three main tropes of the grotesque are doubleness, hybridity and metamorphosis. Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, he demonstrated how the grotesque functions as a fundamental existential experience. Moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies have used to conceptualize alterity and change.

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