El cronómetro es un reloj cuya precisión ha sido comprobada y certificada por algún instituto o centro de control de precisión. La palabra cronómetro es un neologismo de etimología griega: Χρόνος Cronos es el Titan del tiempo, μετρον -metron es hoy un sufijo que significa aparato para medir. Con normalidad se suele confundir el término cronómetro y cronógrafo; el primero como se ha especificado es todo reloj que ha sido calificado como tal por algún organismo de observación de la precisión de mecanismos o calibres. En la actualidad el Control Oficial Suizo de Cronómetros (COSC) es el organismo que certifica la mayor parte de los cronómetros fabricados. Durante al menos dos semanas, en diferentes posiciones y temperaturas se prueba el comportamiento y diferencias obtenidas respecto a los criterios y desviaciones máximas permitidas. Para mayor información de dichas desviaciones consultar la página oficial del COSC: www.cosc.ch Los relojes certificados como cronómetros van acompañados normalmente de un atestado de cronometría y por una mención en la esfera. Según informa el COSC en su página web se certifican como cronómetros un millón de relojes al año lo que representa sólo un 3% del total de la fabricación suiza. Un cronógrafo es un reloj que, mediante algún mecanismo de complicación, permite la medición independiente de tiempos. Normalmente, en su versión analógica van provistos de un pulsador de puesta en marcha y paro así como otro segundo pulsador de puesta a cero. Ejemplo de cronómetro de pulsera: Rolex Oyster Perpetual Datejust. Fue el primer reloj de pulsera con indicación de fecha en una ventanilla abierta sobre la esfera. Ejemplo de reloj con función de cronógrafo: Omega Speedmaster Professional. Fue el cronógrafo elegido por la Nasa para acompañar a los astronautas en las misiones Apolo que culminaron con la llegada del hombre a la luna. Ejemplo de reloj cronómetro con función de cronógrafo: Breitling Navitimer, primer reloj en incorporar una regla de cálculo logarítmica para la realización de cálculos relativos a consumos de carburante, distancias recorridas, multiplicaciones, divisiones, reglas de tres, etc...

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The term chronometer (From Greek: Χρονόμετρο) is a specific type of timepiece tested and certified to meet certain precision standards. In Switzerland, only timepieces certified by the Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres (COSC) may use the word 'Chronometer' on them. Outside Switzerland, equivalent bodies (such as the Japan Chronometer Inspection Institute) have in the past certified timepieces to the same internationally recognised standards, although use of the term has not always been strictly controlled. The term chronometer was coined by Jeremy Thacker of Beverley, England in 1714, referring to his invention of a clock ensconced in a vacuum chamber. The term chronometer is also used to describe a marine chronometer used for celestial navigation and determination of longitude. The marine chronometer was invented by John Harrison in 1730. This was the first of a series of chronometers that enabled accurate marine navigation. From then on, an accurate chronometer was essential to deep sea marine or air navigation out of sight of land. Early in the Twentieth Century the advent of radiotelegraphy time signals supplemented the onboard marine chronometer for marine and air navigation, and various radio navigation systems were invented, developed, and implemented during and following the Second World War (e.g., Gee, Sonne a.k.a. Consol, LORAN(-A and -C), Decca Navigator System and Omega Navigation System) that significantly reduced the need for positioning using the onboard marine chronometer. These culminated in the development and implementation of global satellite navigation systems (GSN-GPS) in the last half of the 20th century. The marine chronometer is no longer used as the primary means for navigation at sea, although it is still required as a backup, since radio systems and their associated electronics can fail for a variety of reasons. Once mechanical timepiece movements developed sufficient precision to allow for accurate marine navigation, there eventually developed what became known as "chronometer competitions" at astronomical observatories located in Europe. The Neuchâtel Observatory, Geneva Observatory, Besancon Observatory, and Kew Observatory are prominent examples of observatories that certified the accuracy of mechanical timepieces. The observatory testing regime typically lasted for 30 to 50 days and contained accuracy standards that were far more stringent and difficult than modern standards such as those set by COSC. When a movement passed the Observatory, it became certified as an Observatory Chronometer and received a Bulletin de Marche from the Observatory, stipulating the performance of the movement. Because only very few movements were ever given the attention and manufacturing level necessary to pass the Observatory standards, there are very few Observatory Chronometers in existence. Most Observatory Chronometers had movements so specialized to accuracy that they could never withstand being used as wristwatches in normal usage. They were useful only for accuracy competitions, and so never were sold to the public for usage. However, in 1966 and 1967, Girard Perregaux manufactured approximately 670 wristwatches with the Calibre 32A movement, which became Observatory Chronometers certified by the Neuchatel Observatory, while in 1968, 1969 and 1970 Seiko had 226 wristwatches with its 4520 and 4580 Calibres certified. These Observatory Chronometers were then sold to the public for normal usage as wristwatches, and some examples may still be found today. The Observatory competitions ended with the advent of the quartz watch movement, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which generally have superior accuracy at far lesser costs. In 2009, the Watch Museum of Le Locle would renew with this tradition and launch a new chronometry contest based on ISO 3159 certification.

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