Una grúa es una máquina destinada a elevar y distribuir cargas en el espacio suspendidas de un gancho. Por regla general son ingenios que cuentan con poleas acanaladas, contrapesos, mecanismos simples, etc. para crear ventaja mecánica y lograr mover grandes cargas. Las primeras grúas fueron inventadas en la antigua Grecia, accionadas por hombres o animales. Estas grúas eran utilizadas principalmente para la construcción de edificios altos. Posteriormente, fueron desarrollándose grúas más grandes utilizando poleas para permitir la elevación de mayores pesos. En la Alta Edad Media fueron utilizadas en los puertos y astilleros para la estiba y construcción de los barcos. Algunas de ellas fueron construidas ancladas a torres de piedra para dar estabilidad adicional. Las primeras grúas se construyeron de madera, pero desde la llegada de la revolución industrial los materiales más utilizados son el hierro fundido y el acero. La primera energía mecánica fue proporcionada por máquinas de vapor en el s. XVIII. Las grúas modernas utilizan generalmente los motores de combustión interna o los sistemas de motor eléctrico e hidráulicos para proporcionar fuerzas mucho mayores, aunque las grúas manuales todavía se utilizan en los pequeños trabajos o donde es poco rentable disponer de energía. Existen muchos tipos de grúas diferentes, cada una adaptada a un propósito específico. Los tamaños se extienden desde las más pequeñas grúas de horca, usadas en el interior de los talleres, grúas torres, usadas para construir edificios altos, hasta las grúas flotantes, usadas para construir aparejos de aceite y para rescatar barcos encallados. También existen máquinas que no caben en la definición exacta de una grúa, pero se conocen generalmente como tales.

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A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic. Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. Mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships. Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.

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