La Crisis de los misiles en Cuba es como se denomina al conflicto entre los Estados Unidos, la Unión Soviética y Cuba en octubre de 1962, generado a raíz del descubrimiento por parte de Estados Unidos de bases de misiles nucleares soviéticos en territorio cubano. En Rusia se la denomina Crisis del Caribe (en ruso, Карибский кризис, Karibskiy krizis), mientras que en Cuba se le llama Crisis de octubre. Fue una de las mayores crisis, junto al Bloqueo de Berlín y los ejercicios Able Archer 83, entre ambas potencias durante la Guerra Fría y en la de Cuba es donde más cerca se estuvo de una guerra nuclear. De hecho sólo dos veces en la historia se ha alcanzado un DEFCON 2 en Estados Unidos. La crisis abarca el período comprendido entre el descubrimiento de los misiles (15 de octubre de 1962) hasta el anuncio de su desmantelamiento y traslado de vuelta a la URSS (28 de octubre de 1962). Sin embargo, a otros niveles se extendió hasta noviembre de 1962 e incluso enero de 1963 en sucesivas minicrisis.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Spanish: Crisis de octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibskij krizis), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. Along with being televised worldwide, it was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter future harassment of Cuba. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 midterm elections were under way in the United States and the White House had denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles from Florida. These missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The United States established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from entering Cuba. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the USSR. After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba again without direct provocation. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which were deployed in Turkey and Italy against the Soviet Union but were not known to the public. When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20, 1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow. As a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A series of agreements sharply reduced U.S.–Soviet tensions during the following years.

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