Lutita bituminosa (también conocida como esquisto bituminoso o como pizarra bituminosa) es un término general aplicado a un grupo de rocas con la suficiente abundancia en material orgánico (llamado querógeno) como para producir petróleo a través de destilación. El querógeno en la lutita bituminosa puede ser convertido a aceite a través del proceso químico conocido como pirólisis. Durante la pirólisis, la lutita de aceite es calentada hasta 445-500 °C en ausencia de aire, mientras el querógeno es convertido a aceite y separado, un proceso llamado "retorting". Estudios recientes en Jordania permiten procesar a menores temperaturas (véase "Minería" abajo). La lutita bituminosa ha sido también quemada directamente como un combustible a bajo-grado. La Administración de Información Energética de Estados Unidos estima que del suministro mundial de lutita bituminosa de 2,6 billones de barriles de aceite renovable, 1,0-1,2 billones de barriles se encuentran en Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, intentos por desarrollar dichas reservas han estado activos por más de 100 años con éxito limitado. Estonia, Rusia, Brasil, y China son países con extracción leve de lutita bituminosa debido a factores económicos y medioambientales.

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Oil shale, also known as kerogen shale, is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales) can be produced. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact. Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States. Estimates of global deposits range from 4.8 to 5 trillion barrels (760×109 to 790×109 m3) of oil in place. Heating oil shale to a sufficiently high temperature causes the chemical process of pyrolysis to yield a vapor. Upon cooling the vapor, the liquid shale oil—an unconventional oil—is separated from combustible oil-shale gas (the term shale gas can also refer to gas occurring naturally in shales). Oil shale can also be burned directly in furnaces as a low-grade fuel for power generation and district heating or used as a raw material in chemical and construction-materials processing. Oil shale gains attention as a potential abundant source of oil whenever the price of crude oil rises. At the same time, oil-shale mining and processing raise a number of environmental concerns, such as land use, waste disposal, water use, waste-water management, greenhouse-gas emissions and air pollution. Estonia and China have well-established oil shale industries, and Brazil, Germany, and Russia also utilize oil shale. General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and kerogen. Oil shales differ from oil-bearing shales, shale deposits that contain petroleum (tight oil) that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil-bearing shales are the Bakken Formation, Pierre Shale, Niobrara Formation, and Eagle Ford Formation.

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