La illita es un mineral de la clase 9 silicatos, según la clasificación de Strunz, del grupo de las micas. Es una arcilla no expansiva, micácea. La illita es un filosilicato o silicato laminar. Estructuralmente la illita es bastante similar a la moscovita o a la sericita con algo más de silicio, magnesio, hierro, y agua; y ligeramente menos aluminio tetrahédrico y potasio interlaminar. La fórmula química es (K,H3O)(Al, Mg, Fe)2(Si, Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)], pero hay además considerable sustitución iónica. Se produce como agregados de pequeños cristales monoclínicos grises a blancos. Debido a su pequeño tamaño, la identificación certera usualmente requiere análisis de difracción de rayos X. La illita es un producto de la alteración o meteorización de la moscovita y el feldespato en ambiente de meteorización hídrica y térmica. Es común en sedimentos, suelos, rocas arcillosas sedimentarias, y en roca metamórfica. Se diferencia de la glauconita en sedimentos por análisis de rayos X. La illita fue descrita en Maquoketa en Calhoun County, Illinois, EEUU, en 1937.

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Illite is a non-expanding clay crystalline mineral. Illite is a secondary mineral precipitate phyllosilicate or layered alumino-silicate. Its structure is a 2:1 clay of silica tetrahedron – alumina octahedron – silica tetrahedron layers. The space between individual clay crystals is occupied by poorly hydrated potassium cations which is responsible for the absence of swelling. Structurally, illite is quite similar to muscovite with slightly more silicon, magnesium, iron, and water and slightly less tetrahedral aluminium and interlayer potassium. The chemical formula is given as (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)], but there is considerable ion (isomorphic) substitution. It occurs as aggregates of small monoclinic grey to white crystals. Due to the small size, positive identification usually requires x-ray diffraction or SEM-EDS (automated mineralogy) analysis. Illite occurs as an altered product of muscovite and feldspar in weathering and hydrothermal environments; it may be a component of sericite. It is common in sediments, soils, and argillaceous sedimentary rocks as well as in some low grade metamorphic rocks. The iron rich member of the illite group, glauconite, in sediments can be differentiated by x-ray analysis. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of illite is smaller than that of smectite but higher than that of kaolinite, typically around 20 – 30 meq/100 g. Illite was first described for occurrences in the Maquoketa shale in Calhoun County, Illinois, US, in 1937. The name was derived from its type location in Illinois. Illite is also called hydromica or hydromuscovite. Brammallite is a sodium rich analogue. Avalite is a chromium bearing variety which has been described form Mt. Avala, Belgrade, Serbia.

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