Los mexicas (náhuatl mēxihcah [meː'ʃiʔkaʔ] 'mexicas') —llamados en la historiografía tradicional aztecas— fueron un pueblo mesoamericano de filiación nahua que fundó México-Tenochtitlan y hacia el siglo XV en el periodo posclásico tardío se convirtió en el centro de uno de los Estados más extensos que se conoció en Mesoamérica, asentado en un islote al poniente del Lago de Texcoco hoy prácticamente desecado. Sobre el islote se asienta la actual Ciudad de México, y que corresponde a la misma ubicación geográfica. Aliados con otros pueblos de la cuenca lacustre del valle de México —Tlacopan y Texcoco—, los mexicas sometieron a varias poblaciones indígenas que se asentaron en el centro y sur del territorio actual de México agrupados territorialmente en altépetl. Los mexicas se caracterizaban por la explotación de cultivos altamente simbióticos (dependencia a la manipulación humana)(maíz, chile, calabaza, frijol, etc.), el uso extensivo de plumas para la confección de vestimentas, el uso de calendarios astronómicos (uno ritual de 260 días y un civil de 365), una sofisticada metalurgia prehispánica ornamental y militar basada principalmente en el bronce, oro y plata; una escritura en forma de pictogramas el cual era usado para la documentación de hechos y el cálculo de obras arquitectónicas el cual estaba basado en un sistema métrico propio, que para mediciones de terrenos es comparable con otros sistemas de medida de la Edad Moderna, el uso extensivo de productos derivados de las cactáceas y agaves, y el uso de cerámico ígneo (Obsidiana) para fines quirúrgicos y bélicos.

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The Aztec (/ˈæztɛk/) people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl [asˈtekat͡ɬ] (singular) and aztecah [asˈtekaʔ] (plural) mean "people from Aztlan", a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mēxihcah Tenochcah [meːˈʃiʔkaʔ teˈnot͡ʃkaʔ] or Cōlhuah Mexihcah [ˈkoːlwaʔ meːˈʃiʔkaʔ]. Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance that controlled what is often known as the "Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period. From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as achieving remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. In 1521 Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II. Subsequently, the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, from where they proceeded with the process of colonizing Central America. Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous bark paper codices; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.

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