La acalasia consiste en la incapacidad para relajar las fibras de músculo liso del aparato gastrointestinal en cualquier sitio de unión de una parte con otra. Dícese, en especial, de la acalasia esofágica, o la incapacidad del esfínter gastroesofágico para relajarse al deglutir, por degeneración de las células ganglionares en la pared del órgano. El esófago torácico también pierde la actividad peristáltica normal y se vuelve dilatada produciendo un megaesófago. La acalasia esofágica o simplemente acalasia es una rara enfermedad en la cual el esófago se encuentra inhabilitado para llevar el alimento hacia el estómago. La enfermedad afecta ambos sexos y puede aparecer a cualquier edad, sin embargo, se diagnostica generalmente entre la tercera y la cuarta década de la vida. Su incidencia en Estados Unidos y Europa oscila entre 0.5 a 1 por 100.000 habitantes.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA

Achalasia (/eɪkəˈleɪʒə/; a- + -chalasia "no relaxation") is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause a sphincter to remain closed and fail to open when needed. Without a modifier, "achalasia" usually refers to achalasia of the esophagus, which is also called esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, and esophageal aperistalsis. Achalasia can happen at various points along the gastrointestinal tract; achalasia of the rectum, for instance, in Hirschsprung's disease. Esophageal achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis of the esophagus (inability of smooth muscle to move food down the esophagus) in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fibrosis. Achalasia is characterized by difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes chest pain. Diagnosis is reached with esophageal manometry and barium swallow radiographic studies. Various treatments are available, although none cures the condition. Certain medications or Botox may be used in some cases, but more permanent relief is brought by esophageal dilatation and surgical cleaving of the muscle (Heller myotomy). The most common form is primary achalasia, which has no known underlying cause. It is due to the failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons. However, a small proportion occurs secondary to other conditions, such as esophageal cancer or Chagas disease (an infectious disease common in South America). Achalasia affects about one person in 100,000 per year. There is no gender predominance for the occurrence of disease.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA