La caries es una enfermedad multifactorial que se caracteriza por la destrucción de los tejidos del diente como consecuencia de la desmineralización provocada por los ácidos que genera la placa bacteriana. Las bacterias fabrican ese ácido a partir de los restos de alimentos de la dieta que se les quedan expuestos. La destrucción química dental se asocia a la ingesta de azúcares y ácidos contenidos en bebidas y alimentos. La caries dental se asocia también a errores en las técnicas de higiene, falta de cepillado dental, o no saber usar bien los movimientos del lavado bucal, ausencia de hilo dental, así como también, y en mucho menor medida, con una etiología genética. Se ha comprobado así mismo la influencia del pH de la saliva en relación a la caries. Tras la destrucción del esmalte ataca a la dentina y alcanza la pulpa dentaria produciendo su inflamación, pulpitis, y posterior necrosis (muerte pulpar). Si el diente no es tratado puede llevar posteriormente a la inflamación del área que rodea el ápice (extremo de la raíz) produciéndose una periodontitis apical, y pudiendo llegar a ocasionar un absceso dental, una celulitis o incluso una angina de Ludwig.

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Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, cavities, or caries, is a breakdown of teeth due to activities of bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation. The cause of caries is bacterial breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). This occurs due to acid made from food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor. If mineral breakdown is greater than build up from sources such as saliva, caries results. Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as: diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's syndrome and some medications. Medications that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants. Caries is also associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth, and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth. Prevention includes: regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of fluoride. Brushing the teeth twice per day and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many. Fluoride may be from water, salt or toothpaste among other sources. Treating a mother's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the numbers of certain bacteria. Screening can result in earlier detection. Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to restore the tooth to proper function or the tooth may be removed. There is no known method to grow back large amounts of tooth. The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen may be taken for pain. Worldwide, approximately 2.43 billion people (36% of the population) have dental caries in their permanent teeth. The World Health Organization estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time. In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population. They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years. The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption and less common in the developing world. Caries is Latin for "rottenness".

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