Hiragana
ひらがな
The rounded, flowing kana. Hiragana writes native Japanese words, grammar endings, and anything without (or alongside) kanji — it's the first script you learn. Each character stands for one syllable.
Katakana
カタカナ
The sharp, angular kana. The same sounds as hiragana, but used for foreign loanwords, names, sound effects, and emphasis — a bit like italics in English.
Gojūon
五十音
The 'fifty sounds' — the basic kana laid out in a grid of five vowels (a i u e o) crossed with consonant rows (k, s, t…). It's the kana syllabary in order, and the layout of the trainer's main board.
Example
か き く け こ — the k-row
Dakuten
濁点
The two small strokes ゛added to a kana's top-right to 'voice' it — turning a soft sound into a hard one. か (ka) becomes が (ga); さ (sa) becomes ざ (za).
Handakuten
半濁点
The small circle ゜added to the は-row to make the p-sounds. It appears only on は ひ ふ へ ほ, turning them into ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ.
Yōon
拗音
Contracted sounds made by adding a small ゃ ゅ ょ to an i-row kana, blending two characters into one syllable. き plus a small ゃ becomes きゃ (kya).
Noun
名詞
A word that names a person, place, thing or idea. Japanese nouns don't change for number or gender, and there are no articles like 'a' or 'the'.
Pronoun
代名詞
A word that stands in for a noun, like 'I', 'you' or 'this'. Japanese uses pronouns far less than English — the subject is usually dropped when it's clear from context.
Counter & numbers
助数詞
Japanese counts things with a number plus a counter word that matches the kind of object — flat things, long things, animals and so on. Plain number words live here too.
Example
三匹 (さんびき) — three (small animals)
Name
固有名詞
A proper name — a given name, surname, place, company or other named entity. These come from Shirabe's dedicated name dictionary rather than the general word list.
Example
田中 (たなか) — Tanaka (surname)
Verb
動詞
An action or state-of-being word. Japanese verbs come at the end of the clause and conjugate for tense, politeness and negation — but never for person or number.
Example
食べる (たべる) — to eat
Ichidan verb
一段動詞
A 'group 2' verb with a stable stem: drop the final る and add endings directly. Most verbs ending in -iru or -eru are ichidan, which makes them the easy ones to conjugate.
Godan verb
五段動詞
A 'group 1' verb whose final sound shifts across the five vowel rows as it conjugates. The largest and most varied verb group.
Example
飲む (のむ) — to drink
Suru verb
する動詞
A noun that becomes a verb by adding する ('to do'). A hugely productive pattern — most borrowed and abstract actions work this way.
Example
勉強する (べんきょうする) — to study
Transitive verb
他動詞
A verb that acts on a direct object, marked with を. It often has an intransitive twin — for example 開ける (to open something) pairs with 開く (to open by itself).
Example
開ける (あける) — to open (something)
Intransitive verb
自動詞
A verb that describes something happening on its own, with no direct object. Its subject is marked with が.
Example
開く (あく) — (something) opens
Adjective
形容詞
A word that describes a noun. Japanese has two main kinds — い-adjectives and な-adjectives — that conjugate differently, plus a few rarer types that simply attach to a noun.
Example
新しい (あたらしい) — new
I-adjective
い形容詞
An adjective ending in い that conjugates on its own — including for past tense and negation — without needing です to do the work. Also called keiyoushi.
Example
高い (たかい) — tall, expensive
Na-adjective
な形容詞
An adjective that takes な to attach to a noun and otherwise behaves much like a noun. Also called keiyodoshi or adjectival noun.
Non-past
辞書形・現在形
The dictionary form — present and future tense in one. It's how words are listed here, and the base every other form is built from. Plain on its own; add ます for the polite form.
Example
食べる (たべる) — eat, will eat
Past
過去形・た形
Says something already happened. Plain past ends in た or だ (the 'ta-form'); the polite past swaps ます for ました. The same form also makes the conditional and the 〜たり list.
Te-form
て形
The connector form, ending in て or で. It joins clauses ('do this and…'), makes requests with 〜てください, and powers the continuous 〜ている and many other patterns. The single most useful form to master.
Example
食べて (たべて) — eat and…, please eat
Provisional (~eba)
仮定形・ば形
An 'if/when' conditional ending in 〜ば, used for general or hypothetical conditions — 'if you do X, then Y'. Often paired with the potential to mean 'if only…'.
Example
食べれば (たべれば) — if (one) eats
Potential
可能形
Expresses ability — 'can do' or 'is able to'. The object it acts on is usually marked with が rather than を. Ichidan verbs and 〜られる also overlap with the passive.
Example
食べられる (たべられる) — can eat
Passive
受身形
Recasts the sentence so the action is done to the subject — 'is eaten', 'was told'. Japanese also uses it for the 'suffering passive', where something happens to your detriment.
Example
食べられる (たべられる) — is eaten
Causative
使役形
Means make or let someone do something. Endings in 〜せる / 〜させる. The person made to act is marked with を or に depending on nuance.
Example
食べさせる (たべさせる) — make/let (someone) eat
Causative-passive
使役受身形
The causative and passive stacked together — 'was made to do' something, usually unwillingly. Built from the causative plus the passive ending.
Example
食べさせられる (たべさせられる) — was made to eat
Volitional
意向形・意志形
The 'let's' / 'shall we' form expressing intention or invitation. Plain ends in 〜おう / 〜よう; the polite version is 〜ましょう. Add と思う to say 'I think I'll…'.
Example
食べよう (たべよう) — let's eat
Imperative
命令形
A blunt command — 'eat!', 'do it!'. Strong and rough, mostly heard in orders, signs, sports and rendered speech; everyday requests use 〜てください instead.
Conditional (~tara)
条件形・たら形
The 〜たら conditional, built from the past form. The most flexible 'if/when' — 'once X happens, then Y'. Works for specific one-off situations where 〜ば feels too general.
Example
食べたら (たべたら) — if/when (one) eats
Alternative (~tari)
並列形・たり形
Lists representative actions without implying order — 'do things like A and B'. Built from the past form plus り, usually ending the list with する.
Example
食べたり (たべたり) — eating (among other things)
Continuative (~i)
連用形・ます形
The verb stem you reach by dropping ます — the joint that builds polite forms, 〜たい (want to), 〜ながら (while), compound verbs and noun-like uses.
Example
食べ (たべ) — eat- (stem)
Adverb
副詞
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb — describing how, when or to what degree something happens.
Particle
助詞
A short grammatical marker that shows a word's role in the sentence — subject, object, topic, direction and so on. Particles are the glue of Japanese grammar.
Example
を — marks the direct object
Conjunction
接続詞
A word that links clauses or sentences, like 'and', 'but' or 'so'.
Example
でも — but, however
Interjection
感動詞
An exclamation or filler that expresses emotion or reaction, standing apart from the sentence's grammar.
Expression
表現
A fixed phrase, idiom or set expression whose meaning is best learned as a whole rather than word by word.
Example
お早う (おはよう) — good morning
Prefix
接頭辞
An element attached to the front of a word to change its meaning, like お for politeness or 不 for negation.
Example
お茶 (おちゃ) — (honorific) tea
Suffix
接尾辞
An element attached to the end of a word to change its meaning or role, like 〜的 ('-ish/-al') or the honorific 〜さん on a name.
Example
本屋 (ほんや) — bookshop (〜屋 = shop)
Auxiliary
助動詞
A helper word that attaches to a verb or adjective to add meaning — tense, negation, politeness, desire and so on.
Example
〜たい — want to (do)
